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I took a bus @ 60 clicks south of town to hike over to this lone bldg., claimed to be the oldest surviving Zoroastrian temple known to archaeology (or so I've read), and the finest surviving Median bldg., well-situated high on a hill or mesa surrounded by a flat desert plain. (The Medes are considered to be the ancestors of the Kurds, in part.) It should be a Unesco site, for it's also the best early example anywhere of the use of rib vaulting (!), which was developed in Iran. (Read about the rib vaulting here.: www.flickr.com/photos/97924400@N00/5218198153/stats/ ) Maze-like with high mud-brick walls, a tunnel descends in steep steps at an angle from one end of the complex that was still being excavated when I was there (and which has been cleared since). Noone else was around. www.cais-soas.com/CAIS/Images2/Median/Tepe_Nush_i_Jan_pla...

- "The importance of the site lies principally in the architectural remains constructed in the 8th and 7th cent.s BC when the Medes were the dominant population in central western Iran. In the order in which they were built, the monumental bldg.s in this hill-top sanctuary include an originally isolated tower-like temple which housed a stepped altar on which a [sacred] fire [was maintained], a 2nd temple, a strongly fortified storage facility, and a columned hall, 20 x 15 m.s with 3 rows of 4 columns - a forerunner of the famed columned halls of the Persians at Pasargadae and Persepolis. ["The central temple ... had a narrow entrance leading from the neighbouring room into an antechamber possessing a stepped 'Maltese cross’ ground plan and a spiral ramp leading to an upper level. It then led to a sanctuary with a triangular cella or inner body of the temple and large blind windows with ‘toothed’ lintels decorating the walls {seen here}. A brick fire altar (85 cm.s high) with 4 steps was screened from the entrance. ... The 2nd temple, located just to the west, had similar rooms and a spiral ramp but with a different orientation and an asymmetrical ground plan. The fort measured 25 x 22 m.s, approximately the size of the Gate of All Lands at Persepolis, with 4 long [high-walled storage] magazines [that made an impression on me, the walls of these narrow spaces were as high as 8 m.s!] and a guardroom with another spiral ramp for access to at least one other floor, while the hall with a slightly irregular ground plan was somewhat smaller with 12 columns supporting a flat roof. Very little stone was used in construction throughout the site but the bricks (particularly in the vaults) were often carefully shaped." {Bradt}]. In a remarkable development most of these distinctive structures came to be at least partially filled and encased with shale and mud-brick, "perhaps to protect the sanctity of the temple from later squatters." As a result, the bldg.s proved to be in an exceptional state of preservation with intact doorways and, on occasion, intact ceilings as well. Subsequently, likely in the 6th cent. BC, squatters occupied those structures to which they could still obtain access. Before Tepe Nush-i Jan was investigated [by a British team from 1967 to '74] there was little to no evidence for the archaeology of the Medes from their own homeland. Today other sites, such as Godin Tepe and Ozbaki Tepe ... can be recognized as belonging to the same culture." www.peeters-leuven.be/boekoverz.asp?nr=8198 "This was a tremendously important find: perhaps the earliest temple with a fire altar in situ found in western Iran." (Bradt) (What and where is the oldest in Eastern Iran or in Central Asia?)

- Impressive and with much atmosphere, this is a delicate testament in an inspiring setting to the era of the Median Magi and the development of an ancient religion which is the source of the Christian concept of good and evil and of heaven and hell (if not limbo and purgatory).

- These niches have been damaged since this earlier photo was taken: www.cais-soas.com/CAIS/Images2/Median/Tepe_Nush_i_Jan_cen....

- www.cais-soas.com/CAIS/Archaeology/median_archaeology.htm

- Scanned with a high def scanner.

 

- Update 2021.: Look at what I just found.: www.youtube.com/watch?v=kBOIz-fwOi4 The part of the temple seen in my photo was excavated from the 10:30 min. pt. in this video and Mr. Sronach (then Director of the British Institute of Persian Studies) points to the point in his model of the site where I stood to take this shot at the 6:15 min. pt. Just below and before me as I take this shot was a low fire altar ("a stepped feature, stepped inwards... with a fire bowl at the centre of the square top of the altar") or its former site. It could be the oldest fire altar yet found.

  

HAMADAN: Hamadan isn't the most historic city nor the most historic ruined city I toured that trip (which would be Istanbul and Susa respectively), but it could be the most legendary. As Ecbatana or Hagmatané (or Hekmatané), it became the capitol of the Medes and of the Median empire and was then, for @ 200 yr.s, co-capital with Susa of the Achaemenid Persian empire, the greatest the world had seen and would see (in area) until the arrival of Genghis Khan > 1,500 yr.s later. (Persepolis was a ceremonial centre, never a capital.) It also served as the co-capital of the huge Parthian empire for @ 450 yr.s, and was even a Seljuq capital for 60. In 'Paradise Regain'd' Milton wrote "Ecbatana her structure vast there shows."

 

- History: "Hamadan is a very old city. It may conceivably, but improbably, be mentioned in cuneiform texts from @ 1100 B.C., the time of the Assyrian King Tiglath-Pilesar I." (Bosworth) According to one legend Ecbatana or Hagmatāna or Haŋmatāna ('the place of gathering' according to Darius I in the Bisotun inscription), was founded by the mythical King Jamshid and had been inhabited since at least the 2nd mill. B.C. Its location close to Mount Alvand (3,575 m.s) and the pass across the Zagros has always given it a strategic and mercantile importance. It's known from Assyrian records that the city, referred to as 'Akessaia', existed in the time of the Kassites (in the 2nd mill. B.C.). According to ancient Greek historians, the Median king Deioces (Daiukku) fortified a palace at Ecbatana in 728 B.C. and the city grew in succeeding decades, becoming rich and opulent. Herodotus reports that it had splendid palaces and 7 concentric defensive walls painted in white, black, red, blue and orange, respectively, the inner two coated in gold and silver. (Some theorize that the walls of this complex might have formed an ancient ziggurat with multiple stories, common in the ancient Middle East.) Herodotus' description is corroborated in part by Neo-Assyrian stone reliefs depicting Median citadels ringed by concentric walls. Ctesias, Xenophon, Justin, Polybius and others have also written about the city and the Medes.

- Herodotus: "The Medes built the city now called Ecbatana, the walls of which are of great size and strength, rising in circles one within the other. The plan of the place is that each of the walls should out-top the one beyond it by the battlements. The nature of the ground, which is a gentle hill, favors this arrangement in some degree but it is mainly effected by art. The number of the circles is 7, the royal palace and the treasuries standing within the last. The circuit of the outer wall is very nearly the same with that of Athens. On this wall the battlements are white, of the next black, of the 3rd scarlet, of the 4th blue, the 5th orange; all these colours with paint. The last two have their battlements coated respectively with silver and gold. All these fortifications Deioces had caused to be raised for himself and his own palace." 500 yrs. after Herodotus, Polybius wrote that "Ecbatana was the richest and most beautiful city in the world." Those gold and silver walls come to mind (amongst other things) as if from a folk-tale, when I refer to Ecbatana as legendary.

- As the power and prestige of the Medes grew in the 7th and 6th cent.s B.C. in opposition to Babylon, Ecbatana came to represent the greatest threat to that city. A large wall on the eastern side of Babylon was dubbed the Median wall as it faced east towards Media and Ecbatana, but the city grew and spread to the east of that wall to such an extent in centuries to come following its fall to Cyrus, etc. that it would almost bisect the city. This is the origin of the use of the word 'median', as a point or line of division or delineation /b/ 2 halves of a whole.

- In 550/549 B.C. (the 6th year of Nabodinus) Cyrus the Great, founder of the Achaemenid empire, defeated Astyages (Istuvegü), Cyrus's grandfather, and the Medes and took control of the region and the city. A Babylonian text from the 5th cent. B.C. reports how Astyages was dethroned and how Cyrus conquered Ecbatana.: "King Astyages called up his troops and marched against Cyrus, king of Anšan [i.e. Persis], in order to meet him in battle. The army of Astyages revolted against him and delivered him in fetters to Cyrus. Cyrus marched against the country of Ecbatana; the royal residence he seized; silver, gold, other valuables of the country Ecbatana he took as booty and brought to Anšan." Cyrus then went on to conquer Babylon and most of the ancient world known to the Greeks and Persians in the early 6th cent. B.C. (Egypt would be conquered later by Darius.) The Medes retook Ecbatana In 521 B.C., but Darius recaptured it within 6 mos. (as detailed in his vast inscription at Bisotun). He then made Ecbatana his summer capital and royal residence that same year, while Susa became the winter capital, a selection made in part for the benefit of the stability and unity of the empire, Ecbatana being the former Median capital and Susa the great Elamite metropolis for the ages. The Achaemenid Persians had enfranchised the Medes and the Elamites significantly (not that they might have had much choice), something seen in the reliefs of Medes and Persians in procession on the walls at Persepolis. Ecbatana served as a treasury and as a royal archive as well. It had other advantages in its location and in its role as a staging post at a crossroads on the main east-west thoroughfare, the 'Royal road'. The city reached the height of its glory as an Achaemenid co-capital.

- Polybius, writing in the 2nd cent. B.C., states: "It had always been the royal residence of the Medes and is said to have greatly exceeded all the other cities [of Media] in wealth and in the magnificence of its bldg.s. It ... has no wall, but possesses a citadel, the fortifications of which are of wonderful strength. Beneath this stands the palace ..., @ 7 stades in circumference, and by the magnificence of the separate structures in it conveys a high idea of the wealth of its original founders. For the woodwork was all of cedar and cypress, but no part of it was left exposed, and the rafters, the compartments of the ceiling, and the columns in the porticoes and colonnades were plated with either silver or gold, and all the tiles were silver. Most of the precious metals were stripped off in the invasion of Alexander and his Macedonians, and the rest during the reigns of Antigonus [Antiochus the Great] and Seleucus, the son of Nicator, but still, when Antiochus reached the place, the temple of Aene alone had the columns round it still gilded and a number of silver tiles were piled up in it, while a few gold bricks and a considerable quantity of silver ones remained. From all the objects I have mentioned sufficient was collected to coin money with the king's effigy amounting to very nearly 4,000 talents."

- Some valuable finds from the ancient town came to light in the 20th cent., but the lower layers of settlement can't be adequately explored without uprooting the modern city. In recent years, significant portions of the city centre have been given over to excavations. 5 gold plates and a silver plate with cuneiform inscriptions were found there. "In 1923, 2 small foundation tablets, one in silver and one in gold, bearing the name of Darius I (521-485 B.C.) were discovered; they recorded the construction of palaces. The Achaemenids and likely the Medes before them built their palaces on an eminence in what is now the NW part of town, much of which is beneath the modern city." ('Persian Cities')

- The annual royal migration /b/ co-capitals was a function of the climate in both cities, which is cold and wintry in Hamadan but comfortable in Susa in winter, and roasting in Susa but comfortable in Hamadan in summer. To this day Hamadan is a popular retreat with Iranians in the warmer months where the climate in autumn and spring is one of the most pleasant in the country.

- Ecbatana is referenced in the biblical book of Ezra (Ezra 6:2) as the city in which a scroll was found containing the famous edict of King Cyrus granting the Jews permission to rebuild the temple in Jerusalem.

"1. Then Darius the king made a decree, and search was made in the house of the rolls [or scrolls], where the treasures were laid up in Babylon. 2. And there was found at Achmetha [Ecbatana], in the palace that is in the province of the Medes, a roll, and therein was a record thus written: 3. "In the first year of King Cyrus, King Cyrus issued a decree concerning the house of God at Jerusalem: “Let the house be rebuilt, the place where they offered sacrifices; and let the foundations of it be firmly laid, its height 60 cubits [@ 90' or 27 m.s] and its width 60 cubits." [King Darius then states] 8. "Moreover I issue a decree as to what you shall do for the elders of these Jews, for the building of this house of God: Let the cost be paid at the king’s expense from taxes on the region beyond [west of] the [Euphrates] river; this is to be given immediately to these men, so that they are not hindered." 13: Then Tattenai, governor of the region beyond the river, Shethar-Boznai, and their companions diligently did according to what King Darius had sent." Frye notes that while Ecbatana was "an ideal summer resort for the court, there's no evidence that [it] contained the royal archives after Darius" (Heritage of Persia), but then, again, most of Ecbatana is buried under Hamadan.

- Alexander the Great conquered the city in 331 B.C., and it was there that his friend and lover Hephaestion died in the fall of 324. (See below under 'Sang-e Shir'). It was also at Ecbatana that the Macedonian general Parmenion was assassinated on Alexander's orders. Arrian mentions that the captured Persian treasure was kept at the citadel of Ecbatana under the watchful eye of Harpalus.

- The city flourished under the Seleucids and then very much so under the Parthians for whom it served as a summer capital and co-capital of their great empire (with Ctesiphon as winter capital), as well as the site of their primary mint, producing drachms, tetradrachms, and assorted bronze denominations. The Parthians who resisted Rome and were the Romans' rivals would remain in power in much of the Middle East for > 450 yr.s. Ecbatana would remain an important cultural, trading and transit centre on the ancient 'royal road' to Baghdad throughout the Sassanian period and following the arrival of 'the Army of Islam' in 645 A.D.

- The 10th cent. brought a series of disasters. Many of the residents were massacred by a local warlord in 931, an earthquake caused great damage in @ 956, and many died in religious riots in 962. Peace and prosperity were restored under the Seljuq Turks in 1100 who made the city a great capital once more for some 60 yr.s, but the Mongols sacked it and slayed most of the locals in 1220 and again in 1224. It was soon rebuilt and the Il-Khan Baidu was crowned there in 1295. By @ 1340 the town had become renowned for its goldsmiths' market. The brutal Timur Leng, nearly as great a scourge as the Mongols, captured and destroyed the city again in 1386, but it soon returned to relative prosperity. It was a scene of conflict /b/ the Aq Qoyunlu and Qara Qoyunlu tribal confederations, and /b/ the Safavids and Ottomans. The region was taken by the Ottomans in 1724 and occupied for 6 yr.s during which there were several outbreaks of plague. It was retaken by Nader Shah Afshar in 1732, but fell to the Turks again for a year or 2 before restoration to Persia by treaty. The city suffered greatly in the course of these vicissitudes and fell into a decline from which it wouldn't recover until its re-emergence as an important trading centre in the mid-19th cent. The English traveler Buckingham described the city as ‘a pile of ruins’ in 1816, but it's population stood at 40,000 4 yr.s later (?). The city was redesigned to a modern city plan by German engineer Karl Frisch (a cartwheel with 6 avenues radiating from Imam Khomeini square). Today the population stands at @ 554,000. (Wikipedia, Bradt, etc.)

  

- The moserferkhane (sp?) in which I stayed in Hamadan was in a large bldg. in the urban centre in which I and the other occupants had access to a wide, flat roof where a local, colourfully-dressed Kurdish woman washed and hung her laundry up to dry.

 

- I took a photo in the city of the hands of a man sitting with his friend that were covered in tattoos, incl. a large one of Ali I think. (I haven't seen many other shi'ite tattoos like that, if any. But it's too blurry to scan.)

 

- Hamadan is similar to Tabriz as it's a modern, urban city with much gray concrete, but with a glorious history and random antique bldg.s, etc. that must be sought out. It also has a large archaeological site or series of sites with much adobe mud brick. Tourism there is also most often cerebral, requiring some concentration and much imagination in seeking to get a sense of the history.

 

Per my LP, and in the order that photos appear in negative strips, I toured the following.:

 

- The JAME MOSQUE (Qajar) with its 3 lovely, remaining eivans, 6 minarets, and its impressively large double-shell brick dome, tiled on its exterior, but with a bare interior.

 

- the famous GOMBAD-é ALAVIYAN (Seljuq, likely 12th cent.): A famous, relatively well-preserved, square mausoleum of the Alavi family (the pre-eminent clan in town in the Seljuq era), renowned for the quality of its elaborate, intricate stucco decoration most likely added in the Il-Khanid era, with whirling, intricate floral motifs and geometric designs on the exterior and interior walls and mihrab. The Sassanian Persians invented stucco and stucco ornamentation > 1500 yr.s ago, so medieval Persian stucco-ornamentation is quintessential for that period. The stucco is now a dark gray and much of it resembles moth-eaten lace (it's > 800 yr.s old). The foliage might symbolize or represent the gardens of paradise (appropriate for a tomb). I revisited it the next morning to get better photos in the better morning light, but they weren't. (I'll scan a photo anyway.) youtu.be/sZJ6C4VnEf0

 

- The TOMB of BABA TAHER: This is a modern construction (1970) set in a garden. The LP describes it as 'heavily buttressed' and as resembling "a failed prototype for Thunderbird 3". The walls surrounding the cenotaph are comprised of large slabs of stone with inscriptions, framed above and below by translucent panels of alabaster. A dervish poet who wrote metaphysical works during the 11th cent. reign of the Seljuq conqueror Tugril, Taher is renowned for his passionate, mystical, poetic quatrains written in the Hamadani dialect of Persian, which, it's been said, "could melt the snows of Alvand". (Bradt) Described as 'the first great Sufi love poet in Persian literature', his Sufi love poetry remains very popular and is still often set to music. Recitations of his 'do-baytī' style poems (in quatrain form) are often "accompanied by the setar, the 3-stringed viol or lute. This style of poetry is known as Pahlaviat and is very ancient."

"I am that sea now gathered in a tear.

I am that universe now centered here.

I am that book of destiny which seems

To form a lonely dot of hope and fear.

If I am trapped in flesh and lust - I'm Thine

And though I doubt Thine ways, or trust - I'm Thine.

Whether to Christ I cling or Mazda's Wing

Behind these veils of dreams and dust - I'm Thine."

- The Kalemat-e Qesaar is attributed to him, a collection of @ 400 aphorisms in Arabic, which have been the subject of commentaries. E.g.: "Knowledge is the guide to gnosis, and when gnosis has come the vision of knowledge lapses and there remain only the movements of knowledge to gnosis."

 

- ARAMGAH (tomb) of ESTHER and MORDECHAI: Ancient tombs purported to be those of the biblical Queen Esther of the Book of Esther, Jewish consort to King Ahasuerus of Susa (thought to be Xerxes [r 486-'65 B.C.]) and her cousin/guardian Mordechai, are housed within an unusual, "vaguely Tolkeinesque" [LP], early-17th cent. (some say Il-Khanid), brick bldg. under a simple but impressive tall, pointed dome. Entry is gained through an exotic, granite slab door (400 kg.s) which looks to be much more ancient than the bldg. itself (similar to this: www.flickr.com/photos/97924400@N00/7137438437/in/datepost... ), and which, at < 4', forces visitors to bow in deference when they enter. (I'll scan a photo). The interior is a bit like Hamadan itself and Tabriz, rather plain with some fascinating antique bits and pieces, and of course the cenotaphs. Several ancient stone plaques carved with inscriptions in Hebrew are inserted into the walls, and something approaching Hebrew is written on sections of the walls and in panels, "repainted so often by those who evidently couldn't understand them, that they've become stylized beyond legibility." (LP) (Interesting.) One plaque is 'the Generation record', a "genealogy of Esther and Mordechai, descendants of the blessed Jacob by 15 lineal generations." (I wish I'd known that when I saw it.) The 2 large cenotaphs in the main chamber are within elaborately carved and fashioned "ebony chests created 200 yr.s ago by an artist from Toyserkan" to replace originals burned in a fire caused by a pilgrim's candle (the real graves are in the crypt below). Watch the tour given by Rabbi Rajad in the video in this link.: youtu.be/h9oMFn0arYQ I spent a length of time inside poring over all the details and trying to get a sense of the importance and depth of the place, and I had it to myself. There are gravestones in the plaza outside the shrine, which I would've seen but don't recall. I was unaware of the new subterranean synagogue that I've read about online.

- This is the most important pilgrimage site for Jews in Iran (Iranian Jews are known as 'Esther's Children'), and the most revered I've visited anywhere after the Wailing wall and the 'Temple Mount'. That said, the identification's "not supported by Jews outside Iran and doesn't appear in either Babylonian or Jerusalemite Talmuds. The earliest Jewish source on the tombs is Benjamin of Tudela, who visited Hamadān in the year 1067. ... [The archaeologist Ernst] Herzfeld rejected the identification of the tombs as those of Esther and Mordechai, who he said were buried at Susa. [? Why wouldn't a Jewish-Persian queen or consort be buried at the summer co-capital of the empire, home to the oldest Jewish community o/s the Levant {see below}, rather than at Susa? Something to google.] He maintained that Šūšandoḵt [aka Susan] was interred in one, she being the daughter of the Jewish Exilarch and wife of the Sassanian king Yazdegerd I (r. 399-420) who persuaded him to sanction the renewal of a Jewish colony at Ecbatana" (LP). Stuart C. Brown concurs. www.iranicaonline.org/articles/esther-and-mordechai "Another tradition first recorded in the Middle Ages places the graves of Esther and Mordechai in the Galilean archaeological site of Kfar Bar'am, close to the kibbutz of the same name, near Israel's northern border with Lebanon." (Wikipedia) (? Why there?)

- "Shahin Shirazi, in his 14th cent. Ardashir-nāmah, was the first known Persian Jew to write of the dreams of Esther and Mordechai and of a journey they made to Hamadan, stating that they died in the synagogue and within an hour of one another. That narrative may derive from earlier Judeo-Persian sources, now vanished. ..." (Ibid.)

- The Book of Esther in a nutshell: A Jewish orphan, Hadassah, who's so lovely she comes to be known as Esther ('Star', Joan Collins in the movie), marries well to the Persian king Ahasuerus. Her cousin Mordechai overhears a plot to do in the king, warns Esther who warns the king and credits Mordechai. But Mordechai refuses to kneel to Haman, the Agagite court chamberlain (a descendant of Agag, king of the Amalekites), who, annoyed, obtains a royal decree for a pogrom against all Jews (b/c Mordechai's Jewish) with the date scheduled by the spin of a 'pur' (similar in function to dice). Later, the king is reminded that Mordechai saved him that time (in his review of 'the annals of the kingdom') and honours him. Esther reveals to the king at a banquet that she and Mordechai are Jewish and that Haman obtained an order to slaughter the Jews (the king didn't know?), so he orders Haman to be hanged and issues a counter-decree that the Jews must defend themselves at the scheduled pogrom and how, and so they do and prevail and celebrate.

- The Persian court in 'Esther and the King' (1960): youtu.be/N3BkF7PPhMM

 

- "In view of Esther's setting in Susa, its Persian background, its Aramaisms, and its lack of reference to Palestine, there's widespread agreement that it was composed in the eastern diaspora, quite probably at Susa itself." (Yamauchi) But according to Wikipedia, the "general agreement amongst scholars [is] that the book of Esther is a work of fiction. Persian kings didn't marry outside of 7 Persian noble families" according to Herodotus (although Darius did, notes Yamauchi), and while "Ahasuerus can translate to Xerxes, as both derive from the Persian Khshayārsha, his queen was Amestris [his first cousin], the daughter of Otanes, one of the 7 noblemen reputed to have killed the magus Gaumata who impersonated King Bardiya [according to Darius] in 522 B.C." An arranged marriage? Amestris wasn't very nice, nor was Xerxes if Herodotus wasn't completely off-base (and he might have been). Xerxes is said to have imposed himself on his niece/daughter-in-law Artaynte, but Amestris blamed the young woman's mother, her brother-in-law's wife, a great beauty (whom Xerxes had pursued as well). It would be in poor taste to recount how Amestris had her 'punished'. This account could involve some calumny for Herodotus also reports that Amestris had "twice 7" (14?) children of respectable men sacrificed to a god of the underworld in her dotage, which would be inconsistent with Zoroastrianism. What's interesting is that Ahasuerus comes off as a bit of a dick too in 'the Book', similar to Xerxes.

- "Some scholars speculate that the story [of Esther] was used as a basis for the Jewish appropriation of a non-Jewish feast (purim = 'lot' [as in 'drawing lots'], from the Akkadian 'purum'), a 'festal legend' with roots in "a historicized Babylonian myth or ritual in which Mordecai and Esther represent the Babylonian gods Marduk and Ishtar, while others trace the ritual to the Persian New Year" Now Ruz. (Wikipedia, etc.) Purim and Now Ruz, both celebratory, are held only days apart. The said Babylonian festival, 'Zagmku', involved the worship of Markuk or Merodach, and the burning of a man (according to historian James Frazer), while Purim had been referred to as 'the Burning of Hamam' in early historical texts.

- I'm impressed with Yamauchi's article (in the next link), although it's dated (1980), in which he debunks much of the debunking. (But this is a deep rabbit-hole, and I haven't read much yet.) He quotes Shea who notes that "the classical historians almost universally lost interest in Xerxes after his forces were defeated at Plataea and Mykale in 479 [B.C.]" and that the very limited Persian sources aren't informative (apart from the Bisotun inscription which predates Xerxes). Xerxes' reign came to an end in 464, 15 yr.s later. Why wouldn't he go on to find someone younger and hotter (and nicer too)? His father Darius married 6 x, and Xerxes was the Persian emperor! The fact that Amestris' son Artaxerxes succeeds him and that she had influence during her son's reign doesn't negate that possibility (or likelihood). 'The Book' doesn't claim that Esther bore Ahasuerus an heir, nor that Queen Vashti (Amestris?) left the scene entirely (Ahasuerus banished her from his presence), and the show must go on. "The bearing of fragmentary extra-biblical sources for the period of Xerxes on the question of the historicity of Esther should be obvious. Berg perceptively observes: "... [that] we possess no information concerning the historical situation posited in Esther apart from the story itself. Views that the book represents the novelistic expansion of an historical event thus rest upon a circular argument"." Well put.

- But one piece of hard evidence has come to light, "the occurrence of the name Marduka in a tablet from Borsippa ... published [in] 1942" following its sale to the Pergamon in Berlin. "Marduka is listed as a sipir (an 'accountant') who makes an inspection tour of Susa during the last years of Darius or the early years of Xerxes." In the Book of Esther, Mordechai "had been appointed ... to an administrative position" (2:19) and "held office in the palace" (2:21). Ungnad argues that "it's improbable that there were two Mardukas serving as high officials in Susa", and so he must be the biblical Mordechai. "This conclusion has been widely accepted. According to Gordis it's "the strongest support thus far for the historical character of the book"."

- In a plot twist, some scholars suggest that the cruel or vilified Queen Amestris might herself have been Esther. Consider the undeniable similarity /b/ their names, with 4 letters in common, 3 in a row. Amestris' son Artaxerxes was supportive of Judea and the Judeans, which of course he would be if Esther was his mother. (But then so were Cyrus and Darius.)

- Yamauchi also reviews evidence of accuracy and insight in the depiction of the subject matter in the Book.: "Mayer notes that Esther betrays an accurate knowledge of chronological data, topography, palace protocols, court intrigues, etc. ... Talmon concludes: ... there is a fairly universal agreement among scholars that the author of the Esther-story generally shows an intimate knowledge of Persian court-etiquette and public administration. ... If his tale does not mirror historical reality, it is indeed well imagined." He notes that "[t]here are 30 or more personal names of Persian and Elamite origin and 12 Persian loan[-word]s in the text of Esther", preserved "with remarkable accuracy" in the Masoretic text. Berg: "The number of Persian words in Esther and its numerous Aramaisms suggest the story's composition in a period not far removed from the events it describes." As to depictions of Susa, "scholars have been impressed with the writer's detailed knowledge of the palace and its various rooms. He distinguishes /b/ the gate of the king (2:19), the outer court (6:4), the inner court (4:11), the house of the women (2:9) and a 2nd house of the women (2:14) for concubines. Particularly striking is his use of a special word [in Hebrew] (1:5; 7:8), which in light of Akkadian texts, means "a special building within a palace". Oppenheim comments, "while the citizens of Susa are given a feast by Ahasuerus "in the court of the garden of the royal kiosk," he himself has a symposion with the queen and Haman in that kiosk." biblicalstudies.org.uk/pdf/bsac/1980_099_yamauchi.pdf

 

- I'm not religious, I'm just having some fun doing some detective work online. (Yes, for me that's fun. I know ... ). In reading up a bit re the evidence as to Esther's historicity or otherwise, I find it interesting that the Book has been a source for historians studying the early 5th cent. B.C. history of the administration of the Achaemenid empire (see above) together with Herodotus, as a result of the Macedonian destruction of the Persian archives. That's my take-away. But much of the available material on the topic is a detailed and difficult slog, as many of those who write (and write and write) on this topic and 'take up the quest' have real bias. PhD candidate Gérard Gertoux's voluminous book 'Wife of Xerxes and mother of Artaxerxes I: Queen Esther' is an example. www.academia.edu/43728591/Wife_of_Xerxes_and_mother_of_Ar... Gertoux's not only religious (Yamauchi certainly is), he's a fundamentalist. (A French fundamentalist?) univ-lyon2.academia.edu/GerardGERTOUX E.g.: In the course of an impressive deluge of details with a frustrating lack of footnotes he writes that "mainstream historians refuse to identify Esther with Amestris (The Histories VII:61) for the following reasons:" He then lists and discusses 5 non-'reasons' which include that the name Esther "doesn't appear in the tablets of Persepolis". Well neither does that of any other queen. But he won't discuss the accounts of Amestris' Persian roots, the basis for her political marriage to Xerxes, etc. which contradict his claim. "Amestris' name was neither a throne name because the Persian queens did not reign, but were merely wives of kings, except Esther who received half of Xerxes' kingdom (Est 5:3-5)." But isn't that evidence that 5:3-5 is false? It can take a fair bit of reading before coming across loopier bits like that, as often happens when reading the output of Christian historians who all want to be Robert Langdon.

- Whether or not Esther and Mordechai were historical figures and are buried here, the tomb has been venerated as a holy site by Jews and Muslims since at least the 1st mill. A.D. I like how Kambiv Tazarv puts it (in his video in the link above).: "Legends are reflections of thoughts and views of nations and in many aspects are more powerful than the history of a nation."

- Hamadan's Jewish community is claimed to be the oldest outside Israel (! - predating that on Elephantine). "A group of Israelites were brought to the Persian plateau by King Shalmaneser of Assyria in @ 722 B.C. and “settled there in the cities of the Medes.” (2 Kings 18.11). According to Habib Levy, “the Jews of Hamadān believe they are of the tribe of Simeon [one of the 12], most having chosen the name ‘Simeon’ for their male children in generations past”. ... Hamadān became an important centre for Jewish culture and religious education in Persia [from the mid-8th cent., following the arrival of Islam and a greater degree of religious freedom relative to that under the Zoroastrian Sassanians] until the late 18th cent." www.iranicaonline.org/articles/hamadan-viii

- I toured this complex well enough, but didn't meet any Jewish people here or anywhere en route (that I recall) until I reached Esfahan and then Yazd (although I toured Daniel's tomb at Susa en route before then). I'll write more about Iranian Jewry in a description to a photo taken in Esfahan.

 

- IMAM KHOMEINI SQUARE (Pahlavi, 1928): Hamadan is anchored @ this star-shaped square, with 6 avenues that spread out from the angles of the star. A series of wide, 2-story brick bldg.s with shops on the ground floor stretch from one corner to the next and surround a traffic roundabout and central park. They have tall, narrow arched windows on the 2nd floor, some have central Qajar-style gables (within which European, baroque and un-Islamic winged cherubs in white stucco hold hands and hoist vases of flowers), and round, 3-story tall towers at the corners under pointed silver domes. These are at the centre of the redesign and reconstruction of much of Hamadan by German engineer Karl Frisch (although they look dated for 1928), seen to the 30 sec. pt. in this Expoza video.: www.youtube.com/watch?v=QmO49eWVz0Y

 

- BORJ-e GORBAN (13th cent.): A very well-preserved, brick, dodecagonal tomb tower with a 12-sided, conical dome and 12 blind arches on its exterior, is otherwise as plain as can be. commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hamadan_-_Borj-e_Qorban.jpg

 

- SANG-e SHIR (the 'Stone Lion'): The ugliness of this legendary but lumpen, black and blobby artifact is part of its charm, although it has no need for charm as a visit to this remnant of a much-larger-than-life-sized sculpture of a lion is tourism at its most cerebral. This is said to be the only surviving, distinct monument from ancient, legendary Ecbatana, once one in a pair at 'the Lion's Gate'. youtu.be/JL0-UbimNNk?si=l71XAMMebNHjEHuL You can at least see the two deep round holes where the eyes once were, and another above them in the forehead of what was once a face, and which was black in 2000. It's been raised high on a plinth since then, cleaned up, and it appears in photos online that the hole in the forehead's been filled in cosmetically. "In 1968, Heinz Luschey demonstrated that the lion is of Hellenistic [Macedonian] origin [not yet Seleucid], in light of its close similarity to a sculpture of a lion at Chaeronea (erected in 338 B.C.). His theory that the lions were sculpted and erected on the orders of Alexander the Great to commemorate the death of his friend and lover Hephaestion in 324 B.C. has been adopted by Iran's Cultural Heritage Organization." (Wikipedia)

- youtube.com/shorts/WUXrupGb8Qs?si=pw9ce8TyJXmnel3j

 

- Hephaestion contracted a fever in 324 B.C. while a series of games and festivals were underway in Ecbatana. The fever ran for 7 days and he seemed to be on the mend when he suddenly relapsed, Alexander was summoned, but Hephaestion died before he arrived, at age 32. (Some modern historians theorize that he'd been poisoned just as he was recovering.) youtu.be/A0XzFhLCprQ "Alexander was overwhelmed with grief. Arrian reports that he "flung himself on the body of his friend and lay there nearly all day in tears, and refused to be parted from him until he was dragged away by force by his companions. ... Until the 3rd day following Hephaestion's death, Alexander neither tasted food nor paid any attention to his personal appearance, but lay on the ground either bewailing or silently mourning." He had the doctor, Glaucias, crucified, ordered that the shrine of Asclepios in Ecbatana be razed to the ground, and cut his hair short in mourning on the inspiration of Achilles' last gift to Patroclus on his funeral pyre. ... Plutarch reports that "Alexander's grief was uncontrollable" and that he ordered a period of mourning throughout the empire and many signs of mourning, notably [and famously] that the manes and tails of all horses should be shorn, the demolition of the battlements of neighbouring cities, the destruction of the crenellations in the city's defensive walls, and the banning of flutes and every kind of music for the period. "Many of the Companions, out of respect for Alexander, dedicated themselves and their arms to Hephaestion". He was given a magnificent funeral [in Babylon], the cost of which is variously given in the sources as 10,000 or 12,000 talents, @ $200,000,000 or $ 240,000,000 today. [?!] Alexander himself drove the funeral carriage part of the way back to Babylon ... [etc.]. Alexander petitioned the oracle at Siwa to grant Hephaestion divine status and thus he was honoured as a 'Divine Hero'. At the time of his own death a mere 8 mos. later, Alexander was still planning lasting monuments to Hephaestion's memory." (all Wikipedia) After all that, it's easy to believe that the lions could've been commissioned in late 324 or early 325 B.C. as just one more memorial to Hephaestion.

- "The early Muslims believed that Balinus, the master of talismans, had placed [the lion] at the gates of the city to counter-act the severe winter cold. ... The Abbasid caliph Al-Muktafi (902-'08) wished to remove the great stone lion to Baghdad on a wagon drawn by elephants, but was dissuaded by his courtiers from so difficult a task." Less than 30 yr.s later in 931, the gates of the city were demolished by Dailamites (from the region of the SW coast of the Caspian) when they sacked Hamadan. Their leader Mardāvij, 'Man-hanger' (founder of the Ziyarids) ordered that one or both lions be taken to Rayy as booty, but they proved too heavy and unwieldy and so, quite miffed, he ordered their demolition. One was entirely destroyed and the other had its arms broken, was pulled to the ground, and was mutilated with its eyes gouged and a hole drilled in its forehead. :( It lay on its side on the ground for 1018 yr.s until 1949 when it was raised once again with the addition of a supplemental supporting arm. Young women have touched it over the intervening centuries in the hope that it would grant them fertility.

 

- At Sang-e Shir I was approached by 2 young double-dating couples, 2 med students and their girlfriends, who were very friendly. I told them I was about to head over to Tappeh ye Hekmateneh (Ecbatana mound), the famous archaeological site, and either they gave me a lift or we took a cab. I then set out to walk through the maze of remains of low adobe walls, taking in the details, etc. while they watched for a bit, then looked a bit concerned, and as there was much more to see than I expected, I asked if we could meet up at a particular park nearby at an appointed time, 5:00 I think. They said okay, I went back to my tourism, and later attended at that park at 5 sharp and waited but they stood me up. I should've made more of an effort to explain that I had 3 mos. to learn and see as much as I could in one of the oldest, most historic countries I'd set foot in, and that while these adobe ruins were dull as dust to them, they were almost all I could see (in 2000) of their legendary home-town which I'd be leaving soon. What they saw was some weird guy for whom walking around low, ancient ruins, alone! (again, Iranians are very social, very extroverted) was more important or interesting than speaking with them, and 2 of these were successful med students. They might've thought I'd been rude too as they'd been so friendly. In a way it was a similar dynamic as that with the kids that threw rocks at Hasanlu, Susa and Sialk. It just shows to go how different interests, perspectives and expectations can be across cultures.

 

- The TAPPE-ye HEKMATANE (Mound of ECBATANA): As to the Ecbatana of Herodotus, "[s]mall sections of the [site's] total area have been fitfully excavated by several teams over the last century, most extensively in the 90s." (LP) "Excavations in the 20s uncovered 2 tablets naming Darius the Great [r  522-486 BC] and Artaxerxes II [445-359/8 BC]. In the 70s, 25 ha.s were acquired for further excavations and the remains of a 9 m.-thick defensive wall (!) were uncovered, originally surmounted by a series of towers. In 1974, 15 slipper coffins, likely dating from the 1st century BC or AD, were discovered in a Parthian cemetery, and since 1983 two stretches of the ancient city wall, with houses and alleys, have been located. (Bradt) Again, I walked all @, over and through the excavation site and its ancient dwellings and passages. Adobe dissolves and erodes such that large, ancient structures in the outer parts of the site will appear to have melted, but there was much left that gave a sense of the great scale of the city and its defenses, and much was well preserved too, with intact walls of adobe brick (at least to a height) in the interior of the site, with niches, etc. and some amphorae left in situ. I took a photo of a large, wide, well-preserved, smooth, brick ramp-like structure (?) that I'll scan. Again, it was very cerebral. Most often it was hard to tell what I was looking at, how it had been used, etc., and I kept reminding myself that this had been the city of the 7 concentric coloured walls and of palaces plated in gold and silver.

- The 'Justification of Outstanding Universal Value' in the pitch for designation of the site of 'Hegmataneh' in Iran's tentative list for Unesco reveals that much of what's to be seen there today dates from the Parthian era.

- More trenches have been excavated since 2000 and roofs and plank walkways at ground level have been installed to allow tourists to look down into the excavated ruins from above. youtu.be/DJuoDKVD9CQ There's a new Hekmatane museum on-site now, and 2 plain, late-19th cent. churches have been restored (and get more attention in videos online and otherwise than they merit). I don't consider them to be misses, but a Victorian-era marble grave-slab in the floor of the Protestant church is more proof of how small the world is. It surmounts the tomb of one Annie Montgomery, a missionary from P.E.I. who was Lucy Maud's 1st cousin. ! (For what it's worth, L. M. Montgomery wrote 'Anne of Green Gables', the most popular Canadian novel of all time. It has cult status in Japan where it was "the best selling novel for 50 years". youtu.be/oh8TLtvnxuM?si=2F-M-JFO9EtzBDkD )

 

- ARAMGAH-e BU ALI SINA (Tomb of AVICENNA, 1952): This modernist tomb that reminds most westerners of a rocket ship was designed by Hooshang Seyhourn and is said to have been inspired by the famous, 11th cent. Borj-e Qavus (Qabus) SE of the Caspian (Qabus was Avicenna's "illustrious prospective sponsor" until his untimely passing [LG]). It's in a class of modernist tombs and monuments with that of Baba Taher to celebrated, medieval, Persian luminaries (chiefly poets; I'd tour 2 more in Shiraz) and are amongst the most popular tourist attractions with the locals in the country. (I wrote that this tomb "is probably the biggest tourist attraction in town" on the back of a photo 20 yr.s ago.) I took in the tomb and its attractive interior with a large marble slab and calligraphy above the crypt of the world-famous physician, philosopher, physicist, and poet, Abu Ali Al-Hussein Ibn Abdullah Ibn Sina, aka Avicenna, "recognized by both East and West as one of the great figures in intellectual history", and a museum devoted to the man, his life and works on the grounds, with manuscripts, a display of medicinal herbs, old medical instruments, etc. Born near Bukhara in 980, he was one of the most famous figures in Persian history with instant name recognition in the west. (In the prologue to the Canterbury Tales, a 'Doctour of Phisyk’ is introduced as a character who'd studied "Olde Ypocras, Haly, and Galyen, Serapion, Razis, and Avycen".) His works and theories were of enormously immense and immensely enormous influence in the West for centuries, and in large part because he had the ambition and confidence to attempt to learn about and treat all illnesses. I don't know how common his approach was in early 11th cent. Iran, but his definition of medicine (set out in his 'Canon Medicinae', see below) is famous.: "Medicine is the science by which we learn the various states of the body; in health, when not in health; the means by which health is likely to be lost; and, when lost, is likely to be restored. In other words, it is the art whereby health is concerned and the art by which it is restored after being lost." He was a pioneer in the study of the effect of environment on health and in the field of preventive medicine (which is, of course, huge). He considered whether events like rare diseases or disorders have natural causes. He used the example of polydactyly to explain his perception that causal reasons exist for all medical events. This view of medical phenomena anticipated developments in the Enlightenment by 7 centuries.

- Unfortunately, he might've been too deferential to Hippocrates and other ancient Greeks to adequately question the theory that illness often results with disproportionate volumes of 'humors', bodily fluids: blood, yellow and black bile, and phlegm, and which must be regulated or balanced. Somehow he expanded on this theory and developed it (something that struck me while touring the museum). For centuries 'physicians' in Europe and West Asia, taking instruction from Avicenna, bled their patients with leeches, etc., and, in so doing, killed untold numbers in their care. (The more things change ... .) Of course Europeans are to blame for blindly accepting these theories passed on from ancient Greek sources, and I'm all for lancing infected boils, etc., but I'm reminded of all those times when I've asked for directions and someone who didn't know any better said "it's that way" when they should've said "I don't know". (This isn't to say that there's that much wrong with being wrong, so long as you're not making shit up or blithely repeating made-up shit. But again Avicenna's ambition to seek to effectively treat and cure disease and his refusal to accept it as fate might've been his most positive influence. [But I'm a bit conflicted.])

- "From the early 14th to the mid-16th cent. Avicenna ranked with Hippocrates and Galen as an acknowledged authority in the field of medicine in Western Europe. His works had a formative influence on the scholastic medicine of the later Middle Ages and continued in use for teaching in some places up to the 18th cent. Although he was more of a philosopher and natural scientist than a physician, Europeans saw him primarily as the Princeps medicorum (Prince of physicians), while Muslims revered him as the æayḵ-al-raʾīs (Chief master, i.e. of all the sciences). It's not yet possible however to assess his impact on the rise of scientific medicine in the West while systematic studies of the various fields are still, on the whole, lacking. ... Three of his medical works were available in Latin in the later Middle Ages, incl. al-Qānūn fi’l-ṭebb, a 5-vol. medical encyclopedia translated as 'Canon Medicinae', ... one of the fruits of the endeavours of the 12th-cent. Toledan school of translators to open up the whole range of Arabic learning. [!] ... With its immense wealth of information, it provided Western physicians with a synopsis of virtually all knowledge amassed in the preceding 1,500 yr.s and stimulated them to work further on their own." (Encyclopedia Iranica) His 'Canon' quickly became the most important medical text or reference-book in the West until the 17th cent., introducing technical medical terminology used for centuries to follow.

- Following al-Kindi and al-Farabi, his synthesis of Aristotelian ideas with Persian philosophy helped to inspire a golden age of Islamic scholarship. Historian of philosophy Peter Adamson considers his famous argument for God's existence to be his greatest contribution to the history of philosophy. Avicennian logic influenced several early European logicians such as Albertus Magnus and William of Ockham (he of 'Ockham's razor' fame). His work on metaphysics influenced St Thomas Aquinas.

- In optics, Avicenna was amongst those who argued that light had a speed, observing that "if the perception of light is due to the emission of some sort of particles by a luminous source, the speed of light must be finite." Unlike al-Razi, he explicitly disputed the theory of the transmutation of substances, the basis for 'alchemy.' He wrote: "Those of the chemical craft know well that no change can be effected in the different species of substances." He's also to thank for the development of steam distillation with which essential oils are extracted.

- Al Jazeera doc. re Avicenna's 'Canon': youtu.be/E8pwGDhppr0 Avicenna and his Canon are discussed from the 11:25 min. pt. to 15:18 and from 18:55 to 19:22.: youtu.be/c8HlFFDTBWQ youtu.be/FsnjHV-Xuys

- "His work remains popular even today and is the focus of scientific publications ranging from perinatal medicine to cardiology. [?!] In fact, several chapters of the Canon alone are dedicated to the functional neuro-anatomy of the spinal cord, valuable information that continues to enlighten neurosurgeons today, particularly with regard to head trauma and skull fractures. [! - A quote from Zahra Aligabi, Anatomical and Translational Sciences, George Washington U.] ... In the first volume, he voices his beliefs regarding Hippocrates’ humoral theory; he speaks [too] extensively on the 4 humors and their relation to the temperaments, anatomy, and physiology of the human body." www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7427450/

- Avicenna "fled from his enemies at court in Bukhara, arriving in Hamadan in @ 1015 to practice medicine for some 9 yr.s, then moved to Rayy and Esfahan, returning to Hamadan only to die of colic in 1037." (Bradt) His treatises "influenced later Muslim thinkers in such diverse areas of study as theology, philology, mathematics, astronomy, physics and music. His works numbered almost 450 volumes, of which @ 240 have survived. 150 of those concentrate on philosophy and 40 on medicine. [Again], his most famous works are The Book of Healing, and The Canon of Medicine."

- A crater on the moon is named after him.

- A trailer from the 1982 Soviet film about his life in Bukhara, 'Youth of Genius': youtu.be/MXEXYMdIitw Ben Kinglsey plays Avicenna.: youtu.be/P6uLiuIvEkQ

 

- NUSH-i JAN (a day trip, see above).

 

- GANJNAMEH ('Book of Treasures', Achaemenid, early 5th cent. B.C., a day trip): The site of two well-preserved, smooth, vertical, royal Achaemenid-era panels of cuneiform, @ 2 x 3 m.s each and carved from the living granite, is a popular week-end destination for locals 12 clicks SW of town (in large part b/c of a small waterfall nearby, trees, views and tea-houses in a mtn. valley). "Literally ‘Treasure Book', Ganjnameh is so named because for years its cuneiform rock carvings were thought to be cryptic clues to the locations of caches of mythical Median treasure [something I didn't know]. Belatedly translated, the texts record the victories and lineage of Darius the Great (r  522–486 BC) and his son Xerxes (r 486-465 BC), and thank Ahura Mazda for making them such fine kings. Per Achaemenid policy, the pronouncements are repeated in Old Persian, Elamite and neo-Babylonian." This site had been an important mtn. pass and was on a thoroughfare in Achaemenid times. (Bradt, etc.)

- The Xerxes inscription: "The Great God Ahuramazda, greatest of all gods, who created the earth and the sky and the people; who made Xerxes king, an outstanding king, an outstanding ruler among innumerable rulers; I [am] the great king Xerxes, king of kings, king of lands with numerous inhabitants, king of this vast kingdom with far-flung territories, son of the Achaemenid monarch Darius." www.orientalarchitecture.com/sid/787/iran/hamadan/ganjnam...

 

- As to misses in and @ Hamadan, I don't recall the Imamzadeh-ye Hossein "in a little courtyard with an ancient mulberry tree." (LP)

- The impressive, derelict 'Great Synagogue': www.7dorim.com/en/pictures/hamedan-great-synagogue/

- Malayer, near Nush-i Jan, the former Dowlatabad, is the home of a replica of the leaning tower of Pisa (not in 2000) en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayer#/media/File:Pizza_tower_in_... and of an ambitious new Niagara Falls! youtu.be/a2BCh3oyINs?si=pulenHnFhLUlqE5B youtu.be/IUHunJGsBMU?si=0UobbcxUhyETBKVC

- @ 30-35 clicks SE as the crow flies is Tuyserkan, home to the attractive, well-preserved, octagonal and conically-domed Seljuq gombad of Habakkuk (Heyquq [?] on google maps), the Jewish prophet of the 'Book of Habakkuk'. youtu.be/yQDdchJm79k Beneath the shrine is a basement with 3 floors (?), but his grave's in the courtyard under a stone inscribed in Hebrew and Persian naming his father as Shioua Lovit and his mother as Lesho Namit. Both Muslims and Jews visit to pay their respects. Another miss. He was the 8th of the 12 minor prophets in the Hebrew Bible, and his oracles and prayers are recorded in the Book of Habakkuk. His name appears in the Bible only in Habakkuk 1:1 and 3:1, and no biographical details are provided. Most scholars believe he was living in Jerusalem when he wrote his prophesy and that he was active @ 612 B.C., the year Babylon rose to power, as the book consists in 5 oracles re the Chaldeans (Babylonians). Some assume he was a member of the Tribe of Levi who served as musicians in Solomon's Temple, as the final chapter is a song. Per Persian tradition he served as a guardian at Solomon's Temple, was captured and imprisoned by the Babylonians, was freed by Cyrus the Great (47 yr.s later?), and came to Ecbatana where he remained until he died. Jewish tradition dating to the 12th cent. however locates his tomb on a hillside in the Upper Galilee @ 6 miles SW of Safed, in a small, stone, 20th cent. bldg. (Wikipedia, etc.)

- The lofty, modern mausoleum (1975) of poet Mir Razi (Razi-al-din e Artimanik, 1570-1627) son-in-law to Safavid Shah Abbas and author of the Saqinameh and Sogandnameh, is on the other side of town.

- Tuyserkan was on the silk road and is home to a Safavid era bridge with 4 arches, the Baghvar mosque (18th cent.) with a > 2,000 yr. old sycamore tree on its grounds, 25 m.s high (maintained by the locals), a traditional bazaar (17th cent.), and the renovated, early 17th cent. Safavid Farasfaj caravanserai. It's the walnut-growing capital of the country and the locals make a range of dishes with walnuts as a prime ingredient. youtu.be/MF50MvmICno youtu.be/LNjlMaPUieU

- Ardalan castle (Qajar), 30-35 km.s SW of Hamadan, is an adobe jewel, square with an intact perimeter wall and round towers at each corner.

  

- From Hamadan, I took a bus NW, W., and S., skirting Mt. Alvand, on the 46 and south to Kangavar, 1 hr. and 20 min.s, @ 90 clicks. The 46 runs along or close to the course of the ancient 'Silk road'.

- The 46 runs through the historic city of Asadabad, "an important royal site under the Sassanians. Mardanshah, son of Khosrow II and his wife Shirin, lived there and a Sassanian palace was kept at a place nearby named Āzarmīḏdoḵt. The most visible Sassanian site in the medieval period was variously referred to then as Maṭābeḵ Kesrā ('Kitchens of Chosroes') or the Ayvān al-Ṣanj ('Portico of the Cymbal'). In 810-11, the forces of al-Ma'mun, a son of the Abbasid caliph Harun al-Rashid, defeated those of his brother al-Amin in battle at Asadabad, and al-Ma'mun took control of the province of Jebal.

- Godin Tepe, a lofty, dramatically sited archaeological site and former fortress excavated by the ROM (in Toronto) was a big miss. I was familiar with it as the ROM had a large display with some artifacts, but primarily copies and casts of items discovered on-site. The domain of a local war-lord in the late 4th mill. B.C., it loomed high above the ancient silk road (rather 'the lapis lazuli road' then). In 1992, Godin Tepe found international attn. with the discovery of the earliest evidence of the fermentation and production of beer anywhere, calcium oxalate ions in the residue in the grooves of a pottery sherd from the site (and in the ROM's collection) romtmsem.rom.on.ca/objects/394893/beer-jar;jsessionid=2BD... , which inspired the clever marketing of this Argentinian brew.: youtu.be/SroXlMSj85M But the site was dethroned in 2018 with the discovery of 13,000 yr. old beer residue the "consistency of gruel" in a cave in the Carmel mtn.s in Israel, produced by the semi-nomadic Natufians. (But the Natufians were hunter-gatherers. - ? That the earliest evidence of fermentation would be found in the Levant, the cradle of agriculture, is intuitive, but how could it predate agriculture? Rather, an appreciation for beer "may have been a motivation for people to settle down in the first place. The oldest known bread, possibly > 14,000 yr.s old, was found recently at a Natufian site in Jordan, and together the two may have been the inspiration for the cultivation of cereals." newatlas.com/oldest-alcohol-ancient-beer/56335/ (First you get the buzz, then you get the farm, then the city, then global warfare, THEN you get the women.: youtu.be/Q77o5OJhGXc ) But it can still be said (only for now) that the residue from Godin Tepe is the earliest evidence of "a beverage fermented from malted barley, the foundation of [modern] beer". www.wineenthusiast.com/culture/beer/iran-beer-back-home-b... It's also been reported that the first 'take-out windows' known to archaeology (2) were discovered there. (Who wouldn't want to see the first 'take-out windows'?) www.livescience.com/16773-ancient-takeout-window-godin-te... Godin Tepe's only @ 5 clicks E. of the 48 at the pt. where it turns SW towards Kangavar.

Figures published today show tree planting in Wales is flat-lining

But grants will be available for small scale woodland creation projects in Wales between 27 June and 29 July

 

Coed Cadw Woodland Trust is alarmed by continued low level of new woodland planting in Wales confirmed in official figures today. This is despite the growing evidence of the importance of trees and woods for wildlife, the economy and as a vital element of green spaces for health and well-being of communities.

 

The figures released here (www.forestry.gov.uk/pdf/wapr2016.pdf/$FILE/wapr2016.pdf) show just 100 ha of new woodland was planted in Wales last year, the same as the year before. This is despite the Welsh Government’s published aspiration to create 100,000 ha of new woodland between now and 2030.

 

Jerry Langford, Coed Cadw’s Director in Wales says:

 

“There’s an ever growing body of evidence of the importance of trees and woodland in creating resilient farms, in tackling air pollution, improving water quality and offering scope to deliver natural flood management. That’s on top of what they can offer for wildlife and their productive potential of timber. Low planting rates mean that Wales is missing the opportunity to benefit in this way. We think the Welsh Government’s ambition to create 100,000 ha of new woodland between now and 2030 would go a long way towards delivering the far-sighted commitment to sustainable land management that is now enshrined in the Environment (Wales) Act.”

 

Woodland cover in Wales stands at just 14 per cent, making Wales one of the least wooded countries in Europe. The Woodland Trust believes that the poor planting figures are partly due to uncertainty and delays in introducing the new Glastir Woodland Creation grants, and the way in which the Government changed farm subsidy rules last year to penalise farmers retaining trees on their land.

 

Jerry Langford continues: “We support the Welsh Government in its genuine desire to see Wales benefit more from woodland and trees, but if this aspiration is to be delivered, there needs to be a consistent commitment from across Government.”

 

There is some good news, however. Lesley Griffiths, Wales’ new Environment Minister announced on Monday that there will be an opportunity to apply for Small Grants towards measures which will help lock up carbon, such as support small woodland planting, tree planting and hedgerow creation and restoration, between 27 June and 29 July. The scheme will offer grants of up to £5,000 per customer and up to £1.5 million is available in total.

 

One farmer who has recognised the value of trees on his farm and who is aiming to plant more is Arwel Davies of Braich y Waun Farm in the Upper Cain catchment near Llanfyllin. He is one of 10 farmers in the valley who received funding through the Coed Cymru/Rivers Trusts Soil and Water Nature Fund Scheme, supported by the Welsh Government, and subsequently from the Woodland Trust, to restore hedges as shelter and for the management of surface water runoff.

 

He explains his desire to plant more trees by telling a family anecdote: “On first buying the farm, my grandfather took his father out to stand alongside one of the system of banks and hedges and said: ‘We ought to appreciate all the sheer hard labour that went into creating these banks and hedges. They give our stock so much shelter.’ In a way they knew more about farming then, than we do today.”

 

If you are considering creating new woodland , hedges, shelterbelts copses etc. and would like advice and information on Welsh Government grants available for tree planting or direct support available through Coed Cadw’s own schemes for woodland or hedge creation, including its subsidised farm tree packs, then please contact its woodland creation team on 0330333 5303 or plant@woodlandtrust.org.uk

  

UK Figures: In England, the figure was just 700 ha compared to 2,400 ha last year. In Scotland, 4,600 was planted, 40% less than last year’s 7,600 ha and far short of the 10,000ha target. And in Northern Ireland planting reached just 100 ha in comparison to 200ha last year.

 

Ffigyrau plannu coed siomedig iawn ar gyfer Cymru yn cael eu cyhoeddi heddiw

Ond fe fydd grantiau ar gael ar gyfer plannu ar raddfa fechan rhwng 27 Mehefin ac ar 29 Gorffennaf

 

Mae Coed Cadw Woodland Trust yn poeni’n arw am y lefel isel o blannu coetir newydd yng Nghymru, sy’n cael ei gadarnhau gan y ffigurau swyddogol a gyhoeddwyd heddiw. Mae hyn er gwaethaf y dystiolaeth gynyddol am bwysigrwydd coed a choedwigoedd ar gyfer bywyd gwyllt, yr economi ac fel ffordd hanfodol o greu mannau gwyrdd ar gyfer iechyd a lles cymunedau.

 

Mae'r ffigurau a ryddhawyd yma yn dangos na phlannwyd ond 100 ha o goetir newydd yng Nghymru y llynedd, yr un ffigwr a’r flwyddyn cynt. Mae hyn er gwaethaf dyhead Llywodraeth Cymru i greu 100,000 ha o goetir newydd rhwng nawr a 2030.

 

Dywed Jerry Langford, Cyfarwyddwr Coed Cadw yng Nghymru:

 

"Mae yna fwy a mwy o dystiolaeth am bwysigrwydd coed a choetiroedd i wneud ffermydd yn wytnach i effeithiau newid yr hinsawdd, i fynd i'r afael â llygredd aer, gwella ansawdd dŵr a chynnig cyfle i reoli llifogydd mewn ffordd naturiol. Fe allan nhw gynhyrchu pren hefyd, wrth gwrs, a chynnig cynefinoedd gwerthfawr i fyd natur. Mae’r lefel isel o blannu yn golygu bod Cymru’n colli'r cyfle i elwa fel hyn. Dyna pam rydym yn meddwl y gallai uchelgais Llywodraeth Cymru i greu 100,000 ha o goetir newydd rhwng nawr a 2030 fynd yn bell tuag at gyflawni'r ymrwymiad i reoli tir mewn ffordd gynaliadwy sydd bellach wedi'i ymgorffori yn Neddf yr Amgylchedd (Cymru). "

 

Dim ond 14% o dirwedd Cymru sydd o dan orchudd coed ar hyn o byrd, sy’n golygu fod Cymru'n un o wledydd lleiaf coediog Ewrop. Mae Coed Cadw yn credu bod y ffigurau plannu gwael yn ganlyniad, i raddau, i ansicrwydd ac oedi wrth gyflwyno'r grantiau Creu Coetiroedd Glastir newydd, a'r ffordd y mae'r Llywodraeth wedi newid rheolau cymhorthdal fferm y llynedd i gosbi ffermwyr am gadw coed ar eu tir.

 

Jerry Langford parhau: "Rydym yn cefnogi deheuad Llywodraeth Cymru i sicrhau fod Cymru yn elwa mwy ar goed goetiroedd, ond ydi’r awydd yma’n mynd i gael ei gyflawni, mae angen ymrwymiad cyson ar draws y Llywodraeth."

 

Mae yna rywfaint o newyddion da, fodd bynnag. Fe gyhoeddodd Lesley Griffiths, y Gweinidog newydd dros yr Amgylchedd Dydd Llun y bydd cyfle i wneud cais am Grantiau Bychain tuag at fesurau a fydd yn helpu cloi carbon, fel plannu coetiroedd bychain, plannu coed a chreu ac adfer gwrychoedd, a hynny rhwng 27 Mehefin ac ar 29 Gorffennaf. Fe fydd y cynllun yn cynnig grantiau o hyd at £ 5,000 i bob cwsmer ac fe fydd hyd at £ 1.5 miliwn ar gael yn gyfan gwbl.

 

Un ffermwr sydd wedi cydnabod gwerth coed ar ei fferm ac sy'n anelu at blannu mwy yw Arwel Davies o Fferm Braich y Waun yn nalgylch Afon Cain Uchaf ger Llanfyllin. Mae'n un o 10 ffermwr yn y cwm a dderbyniodd gyllid drwy Gynllun Cronfa Natur Dŵr a Phridd Afonydd Cymru a Choed Cymru, a gefnogir gan Lywodraeth Cymru, ac yn dilyn hynny oddi wrth Coed Cadw, i adfer gwrychoedd fel cysgod ac ar gyfer rheoli dŵr ffo.

 

Mae'n egluro ei awydd i blannu mwy o goed trwy ddweud hanes am ei deulu: "Pan brynodd fy nhaid y fferm, fe aeth o a’n nhad i sefyll wrth ochr rhan o’r system o fanciau a gwrychoedd a ddywedodd wrtho fo: 'Ddylen ni werthfawrogi'r holl waith caled a wnaed i greu’r banciau a gwrychoedd hyn. Maen nhw’n rhoi cymaint o gysgod i’n stoc ni.' Mewn ffordd roedden nhw’n gwybod mwy am ffermio bryd hynny na ninnau heddiw."

 

Os ydych yn ystyried creu coetir newydd, gwrychoedd, lleiniau cysgodol ac ati, ac yn dymuno cael cyngor a gwybodaeth am grantiau Llywodraeth Cymru ar gael ar gyfer plannu coed neu gefnogaeth uniongyrchol sydd ar gael drwy gynlluniau Coed Cadw ei hun ar gyfer creu coetiroedd a gwrychoedd, gan gynnwys pecynnau coed fferm wedi eu sybsideiddio, yna cysylltwch â'u tîm creu coetir ar 0330333 5303 neu plant@woodlandtrust.org.uk

  

Ffigurau DU: Yn Lloegr, roedd y ffigwr dim ond 700 ha o’i gymharu â 2,400 ha'r llynedd. Yn yr Alban plannwyd 4,600 ha, 40% yn llai na'r llynedd, sef 7,600 ha, ac yn is o lawer na'r targed sef 10,000ha. Ac yng Ngogledd Iwerddon dim ond 100 ha a blannwyd o gymharu â 200ha y llynedd.

 

For media enquiries contact:

 

Rory Francis (Publicity and Public Affairs Officer for Wales) on 0343 770 5738 or 07760 171174, Afallon, Tanygrisiau, Blaenau Ffestiniog, Gwynedd LL41 3RH Email roryfrancis@woodlandtrust.org.uk

 

Or The Woodland Trust Press Office email media@woodland-trust.org.uk or Tel 01476 581121

 

Coed Cadw (The Woodland Trust)

The Woodland Trust is the UK’s largest charity championing native woods and trees. It has 300,000 members and supporters. The Trust has three key aims: i) to enable the creation of more native woods and places rich in trees; ii) to protect native woods, trees and their wildlife for the future and; iii) to inspire everyone to enjoy and value woods and trees.

 

Established in 1972, the Woodland Trust now has over 1,000 sites in its care covering approximately 20,000 hectares (50,000 acres). These include over 100 sites in Wales, with a total area of 1,580 hectares (3,900 acres). It offers free public access to nearly all of its sites. The Trust’s Welsh language name, “Coed Cadw”, is an old Welsh term, used in medieval laws to describe protected or preserved woodland.

  

SOURCES:

 

June 16th planting figures www.forestry.gov.uk/forestry/infd-7aqknx

Woodland Area, Planting and Restocking: 2016 Edition on 16 June 2016.

UK New planting tables, for 1976 to 2015: www.forestry.gov.uk/forestry/infd-7aqknx

 

The State of Natural Capital: Protecting and improving Natural Capital for Prosperity and Well-being, Third Report to Economic Affairs Committee, Natural Capital Committee, January 2015 www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_d...

 

Europe Economics: Woodlands are worth £270 billion to the UK economy www.woodlandtrust.org.uk/mediafile/100523043/RR-WT-060315...

 

Woodland Trust response to the Spending review www.woodlandtrust.org.uk/mediafile/100701000/Spending-Rev...

    

Bạn có biết rằng quạt trần công nghiệp HVLS (High Volume Low Speed) là một giải pháp làm mát hiệu quả và tiết kiệm năng lượng cho các môi trường công nghiệp lớn? Trên thực tế, quạt trần HVLS đã trở thành một công nghệ tiên tiến trong việc cải thiện không khí và tạo sự thoải mái cho nhân viên làm việc. Trong bài viết này, chúng ta sẽ tìm hiểu về lợi ích của việc sử dụng quạt trần công nghiệp HVLS trong môi trường công nghiệp.

Lợi ích của sử dụng quạt trần công nghiệp HVLS

Tiết kiệm năng lượng

Quạt trần công nghiệp HVLS có khả năng tạo ra lưu lượng không khí lớn. Với cánh quạt siêu lớn và tốc độ quay chậm, quạt HVLS di chuyển một lượng không khí đáng kể trong một thời gian ngắn. Điều này giúp làm giảm nhiệt độ và cung cấp không khí tươi cho toàn bộ không gian làm việc một cách hiệu quả.

Mặc dù quạt trần HVLS có kích thước lớn, nhưng chúng vận hành ở tốc độ chậm và tiêu thụ điện năng rất ít so với các loại quạt thông thường. Điều này giúp giảm chi phí điện năng và tiết kiệm nguồn tài nguyên quý giá.

Cải thiện chất lượng không khí

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Quạt trần HVLS tạo ra lưu lượng không khí mạnh, giúp loại bỏ bụi và hóa chất trong không khí một cách hiệu quả. Điều này rất quan trọng trong các môi trường công nghiệp nơi có sự tồn tại của các chất gây ô nhiễm và bụi mịn. Quạt HVLS đảm bảo không khí trong môi trường làm việc sạch và an toàn.

Tăng hiệu suất làm việc

Quạt trần công nghiệp HVLS giúp giảm nhiệt độ và cung cấp không khí tươi, tạo điều kiện làm việc thoải mái cho nhân viên trong môi trường công nghiệp. Khi không gian làm việc thoáng đãng và mát mẻ, nhân viên có thể tập trung cao độ và nâng cao hiệu suất làm việc.

Quạt trần công nghiệp cánh dài giúp giảm căng thẳng và mệt mỏi cho nhân viên làm việc trong môi trường công nghiệp. Điều này đặc biệt quan trọng trong các ngành công nghiệp có áp lực công việc lớn và nhiệt độ cao. Quạt HVLS tạo ra sự thoải mái và giảm căng thẳng, giúp nhân viên duy trì sự tập trung và hiệu suất cao trong quá trình làm việc.

Kết luận

Quạt trần công nghiệp HVLS là một giải pháp hiệu quả để làm mát và cải thiện chất lượng không khí trong môi trường công nghiệp. Với khả năng tiết kiệm năng lượng, tạo lưu lượng không khí lớn, và tạo điều kiện làm việc thoải mái, quạt HVLS đã chứng minh được lợi ích của mình trong việc nâng cao hiệu suất làm việc và sự thoải mái cho nhân viên. Hãy xem xét sử dụng quạt trần công nghiệp HVLS trong môi trường công nghiệp của bạn để tận hưởng những lợi ích mà nó mang lại.

   

1.Myfxbook là gì?

Myfxbook là một nền tảng, website, và cộng đồng xã hội dành cho các trader chuyên giao dịch và đầu tư vào thị trường ngoại hối (Forex). Nó đã đạt được sự tin tưởng của hàng triệu nhà đầu tư trên khắp thế giới nhờ vào các ưu điểm độc đáo và thú vị trong dịch vụ giao dịch ngoại hối hiện nay. Đặc điểm quan trọng của Myfxbook là khả năng kết nối các tài khoản giao dịch và chia sẻ thông tin với nhau thông qua nền tảng của Myfxbook.

Myfxbook không chỉ dành cho các trader có kinh nghiệm mà còn là một địa chỉ đáng tin cậy cho những người mới bắt đầu tham gia thị trường ngoại hối. Nền tảng này cho phép các trader kết nối, chia sẻ ý tưởng, và hợp tác với nhau để đạt được mục tiêu chung là tối ưu hóa lợi nhuận từ giao dịch ngoại hối.

 

2.Những công cụ & dịch vụ trên Myfxbook

Myfxbook cung cấp một loạt các công cụ và dịch vụ hữu ích để hỗ trợ các trader trong quá trình giao dịch Forex:

2.1. Home

Công cụ này cung cấp thông tin mới nhất về thị trường ngoại hối và các tính năng hỗ trợ thông tin như tin tức kinh tế, lịch kinh tế để theo dõi các sự kiện quan trọng, phân tích cơ bản để hỗ trợ giao dịch theo tin tức, và máy tính Forex để tính toán các thông số quan trọng trong giao dịch.

 

2.2. Portfolio

Công cụ này cho phép trader liên kết tài khoản giao dịch của họ với Myfxbook và hiển thị thông tin chi tiết về giao dịch tại nền tảng này.

 

2.3. Charts

Công cụ này cho phép theo dõi biểu đồ giá thời gian thực và thiết kế các mô hình phân tích kỹ thuật. Nó cũng cho phép chia sẻ mô hình phân tích kỹ thuật với cộng đồng Myfxbook.

 

2.4. Markets

Công cụ này cung cấp thông tin chi tiết về tình hình thị trường Forex dựa trên khung thời gian thực và báo giá của các cặp tiền tệ.

2.5. Systems

Công cụ Systems giúp so sánh các hệ thống giao dịch trên nhiều tài khoản đầu tư khác nhau và truy cập vào hệ thống giao dịch của các trader khác trên thị trường.

2.6. Community

Công cụ này là trung tâm của cộng đồng Myfxbook. Tại đây, trader có thể thảo luận, trao đổi thông tin về thị trường, kỹ năng giao dịch Forex, và hợp tác với nhau. Trader có thể tạo các chủ đề, tham gia tranh luận, và nhờ tư vấn từ cộng đồng.

2.7. Review

Công cụ này giúp trader đánh giá và chia sẻ thông tin về các khía cạnh của thị trường và các dịch vụ liên quan, như sàn giao dịch, tín hiệu giao dịch, VPS, và nhiều khía cạnh khác.

 

3.Hướng dẫn kết nối tài khoản giao dịch MT4/MT5 với MyFxBook

Để kết nối tài khoản giao dịch MT4/MT5 với Myfxbook, bạn có hai cách phổ biến:

3.1.Cách 1: Sử dụng EA (MetaTrader4)

Đăng ký tài khoản bằng email.

Đăng nhập vào tài khoản, chọn "Add account" trong phần Portfolio và chờ phản hồi từ hệ thống.

Tiếp tục chọn "Add Account" và tự do lựa chọn nền tảng giao dịch thông qua hình ảnh hiển thị trên màn hình.

Liên kết tài khoản bằng cách cài đặt EA Myfxbook.

Khởi chạy MT4/MT5 và chọn "Myfxbook" trong phần Navigator để hoàn thành quá trình liên kết tài khoản.

 

3.2.Cách 2: Tự động chọn nền tảng (MetaTrader 4 - Auto Update)

Đăng nhập vào tài khoản Myfxbook và chọn "Add Account".

Điền các thông tin yêu cầu như tên đăng nhập, sàn môi giới, tên Server, số tài khoản, và mật khẩu nhà đầu tư.

Thay đổi mật khẩu nhà đầu tư trên nền tảng MT4 thành mật khẩu cá nhân để an toàn hơn.

Sau khi điền đầy đủ thông tin, chọn "Create Account" để kết nối tài khoản.

Xác thực tài khoản bằng cách thay đổi mật khẩu.

 

4.Hướng dẫn phân tích tài khoản trên MyFxBook

Myfxbook cung cấp nhiều công cụ phân tích tài khoản, cho phép bạn xem chi tiết về hiệu suất giao dịch của tài khoản. Dưới đây là một số hướng dẫn cơ bản về cách sử dụng các công cụ này:

Portfolio: Truy cập phần Portfolio để xem tổng quan về tài khoản giao dịch của bạn, bao gồm tỷ lệ lợi nhuận, mức drawdown, và thống kê khác.

Systems: Trong phần Systems, bạn có thể tìm kiếm và theo dõi các hệ thống giao dịch của các trader khác.

Charts: Sử dụng công cụ Charts để xem biểu đồ lợi nhuận và drawdown của tài khoản theo thời gian.

Trading Analysis: Cung cấp phân tích giao dịch chi tiết về tài khoản, bao gồm thống kê về lợi nhuận, lệnh thắng/thua, và nhiều chỉ số khác.

History & Stats: Xem lịch sử giao dịch và các thống kê chi tiết về lệnh đã được thực hiện trên tài khoản.

Community: Kết nối với cộng đồng Myfxbook để thảo luận, học hỏi, và hợp tác với các trader khác.

 

Myfxbook cung cấp nhiều công cụ hữu ích để theo dõi và phân tích tài khoản giao dịch của bạn, cũng như để kết nối và tương tác với cộng đồng trader. Hãy thực hiện theo hướng dẫn trên để tận dụng tối đa các tính năng của Myfxbook.

5.Hướng dẫn thực hiện copy trading với Myfxbook

 

Để thực hiện copy trading với Myfxbook, đầu tiên, đăng ký tài khoản, sau đó tìm và chọn nhà cung cấp tín hiệu phù hợp với bạn. Đăng ký và kết nối tài khoản giao dịch của bạn với nhà cung cấp tín hiệu. Cuối cùng, quản lý và theo dõi quá trình copy trading trên tài khoản Myfxbook của bạn. Hãy luôn thận trọng và quản lý rủi ro khi tham gia copy trading để đảm bảo an toàn tài chính của bạn.

 

Nguồn: thebrokers.com/news/myfxbook-la-gi